Karst topography Totally Explained

Everything about Karst totally explained

Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. Due to subterranean drainage, there may be very limited surface water, even to the absence of all rivers and lakes. Many karst regions display distinctive surface features, with dolines or sinkholes being the most common. However, distinctive karst surface features may be completely absent where the soluble rock is mantled, such as by glacial debris, or confined by a superimposed non-soluble rock strata. Some karst regions include thousands of caves, even though evidence of caves that are big enough for human exploration isn't a required characteristic of karst.

Terminology and etymology

Different terms for karst topography exist in other languages - for example, yanrong in Chinese and tsingy in Malagasy (Jennings, Ch.1 p.1). The international community has settled on karst, the German name for Kras, a region in Slovenia partially extending into Italy where it's called Carso and where the first scientific research of a karst topography was made. The name has a pre-Indo-European origin (from karra meaning "stone") and in antiquity it was called Carusardius in Latin. The Slovenian form grast is attested since 1177, and the Croatian kras since 1230.

Chemistry of karst landscapes

Karst landforms are generally the result of mildly acidic water acting on soluble bedrock such as limestone or dolostone. The carbonic acid that causes these features is formed as rain passes through the atmosphere picking up CO₂, which dissolves in the water. Once the rain reaches the ground, it may pass through soil that may provide further CO₂ to form a weak carbonic acid solution: H₂O + CO₂ → H₂CO₃. Recent studies of sulfates in karst waters suggests sulfuric and hydrosulfuric acids may also play an important role in karst formation.
This mildly acidic water begins to dissolve the surface and any fractures or bedding planes in the limestone bedrock. Over time these fractures enlarge as the bedrock continues to dissolve. Openings in the rock increase in size, and an underground drainage system begins to develop, allowing more water to pass through and accelerating the formation of underground karst features.
Somewhat less common than this limestone karst is gypsum karst, where the solubility of the mineral gypsum provides many similar structures to the dissolution and redeposition of calcium carbonate.

Karst formations

The karstification of a landscape may result in a variety of large or small scale features both on the surface and beneath. On exposed surfaces, small features may include flutes, runnels, clints and grikes, collectively called karren or lapiez. Medium-sized surface features may include sinkholes or dolines (closed basins), vertical shafts, foibe (inverted funnel shaped sinkholes), disappearing streams, and reappearing springs. Large-scale features may include limestone pavements, poljes and blind valleys. Mature karst landscapes, where more bedrock has been removed than remains, may result in karst towers or haystack/eggbox landscapes. Beneath the surface, complex underground drainage systems (such as karst aquifers) and extensive caves and cavern systems may form. Erosion along limestone shores, notably in the tropics, produces karst topography that includes a sharp makatea surface above the normal reach of the sea and undercuts that are mostly the result of biological activity or bioerosion at or a little above mean sea level. Some of the most dramatic of these formations can be seen in Thailand's Phangnga Bay and Halong Bay in Vietnam.
   Calcium carbonate dissolved into water may precipitate out where the water discharges some of its dissolved carbon dioxide. Rivers which emerge from springs may produce tufa terraces, consisting of layers of calcite deposited over extended periods of time. In caves, a variety of features collectively called speleothems are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate and other dissolved minerals.
   A karst river may disappear underground a number of times and spring up again in different places, usually under a different name (like Ljubljanica, the river of seven names).
   An example of this is the Popo Agie River In Fremont County, Wyoming. Simply named The Sinks and Sinks Canyon State Park, The river flows into a cave in a formation known as the Madison Limestone and then rises again ½ mile down the canyon in a placid pool. When the river was dyed, it took two hours for the dye to reach the rise such a short distance away.

Water drainage and problems

Farming in karst areas must take into account the lack of surface water. The soils may be fertile enough, and rainfall may be adequate, but rainwater quickly moves through the crevices into the ground, sometimes leaving the surface soil parched between rains.
   A karst fenster is where an underground stream emerges onto the surface between layers of rock, cascades some feet, and then disappears back down, often into a sinkhole. There is an example of this in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.
   Water supplies from wells in karst topography may be unsafe, as the water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer. Karst formations are cavernous and therefore have high rates of permeability, resulting in reduced opportunity for contaminants to be filtered out. Groundwater in karst areas is just as easily polluted as surface streams. Sinkholes have often been used as farmstead or community trash dumps. Overloaded or malfunctioning septic tanks in karst landscapes may dump raw sewage directly into underground channels.
   The karst topography itself also poses some difficulties for human inhabitants. Sinkholes can develop gradually as surface openings enlarge, but quite often progressive erosion is unseen and the roof of an underground cavern suddenly collapses. Such events have swallowed homes, cattle, cars, and farm machinery.
   The Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge in Iowa protects Discus macclintocki, a species of ice age snail surviving in air chilled by flowing over buried karst ice formations.

Pseudokarst

Pseudokarst refers to landscape features that are similar in form or appearance to karst features, but are created by different mechanisms. Examples include lava caves and granite tors (for example Labertouche Cave in Victoria, Australia), and paleocollapse features.

List of notable karst areas

Africa

Anjajavy Forest, western Madagascar
Ankarana Reserve, Madagascar
Madagascar dry deciduous forests, western Madagascar
Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar

Asia

Area around Guilin and Yangshuo in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China

Zhangjiajie National Forest park, forming part of the Wulingyuan scenic area (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), Zhangjiajie Prefecture, Hunan, China

The Stone Forest called the South China Karst by UNESCO (Yunnan Province, China)

Ofra region, West Bank

Akiyoshi plateau, Japan

El Nido, Palawan, Philippines

Coron, Palawan, Philippines

Sagada, Mountain Province, Philippines

Chocolate Hills, Bohol, Philippines

Negros and Gigante Islands, Negros Oriental, Philippines

Vang Vieng, Laos

Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia

Krabi region, Thailand

Phangnga Bay Area, Southern Thailand

Kenting National Park, Taiwan

Taseli plateau, Turkey

Halong Bay, Vietnam

Phong Nha-Ke Bang, Vietnam

Tam Coc - Bich Dong in Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam

Europe

The Herzegovina region of Bosnia-Herzegovina

The regions of Dalmatia (including Zagora), Lika, Gorski kotar, Kvarner and the islands in Croatia

The Moravian Karst

The Central Rhodope karst in Bulgaria (Trigrad Gorge and caves), the Devnya Valley (karst springs)

The Apuseni Mountains, Romania

Slovak Paradise, Slovak Karst and Muránska planina, Slovakia

The region of Inner Carniola in Slovenia

Kras, a plateau in southwestern Slovenia and northeastern Italy

Murge, in Apulia and Basilicata, southern Italy

The Picos de Europa and Basque mountains, northern Spain

The Ciudad Encantada in the Cuenca province (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain)

El Torcal de Antequera nature preserve, southern Spain

The White Peak of the Peak District, UK, around Matlock, Castleton, and Thor's Cave

Yorkshire Dales (including Malham Cove), England

The Burren (Co. Clare, Ireland)

Assynt, southeast Skye and near Kentallen in Scotland

The limestone region of the Southern Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales

Hönnetal at Balve, Germany

The Swabian Alb region in the federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg in southern Germany

The Ares de l'Anie, in the southernmost part of Barétous valley, southwest France

The eastern part of the Northern Limestone Alps in the provinces of Salzburg, Upper Austria, Styria and Lower Austria forming huge limestone plateaus such as Steinernes Meer, Hagengebirge, Tennengebirge, Dachstein, Totes Gebirge and Hochschwab

The area around Graz, Styria, Austria

The régions called "Causses" at south of Central Mountain in departements of Lot and Aveyron, France.

North America

Canada

The Nahanni region in the Northwest Territories

Monkman Provincial Park in the Northern Rockies

The Niagara Escarpment, Ontario

Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta and the Northwest Territories

Marble Canyon, British Columbia

United States

Kosciusko Island, southeast Alaska

The Mitchell Plain and uplands of southern Indiana

The Great Valley of Appalachia (Huntsville, Alabama to northeast Pennsylvania)

The Shenandoah Valley of Virginia

The Driftless Area of southwest Wisconsin, southeast Minnesota, northeast Iowa and northwest Illinois, left unglaciated by all three phases of the Wisconsinian glaciation

The Florida peninsula

Mammoth Cave area and Bluegrass region of Kentucky

Illinois Caverns State Natural Area and Illinois Sinkhole Plain in Monroe County, Illinois

The Ozark Plateau of Missouri and Arkansas

The Kamas Ranch and Alabaster Cavern area of Oklahoma

The Cumberland Plateau in Middle Tennessee

The Grassy Cove Karst Area, Tennessee, a registered National Natural Landmark

Carlsbad Caverns National Park of New Mexico

The Hill Country of Texas

Central Pennsylvania

Presque Isle County near and around Rogers City in northern Michigan

The campus of the University of California, Santa Cruz

The Germany Valley Karst Area, West Virginia, a registered National Natural Landmark

The Swago Karst Area, West Virginia, a registered National Natural Landmark

Caribbean

The Karst forest in Puerto Rico

Limestone eastern foothills of Maya Mountains including parts of the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary

Los Haitises National Park, Dominican Republic

Cockpit Country, a region in Jamaica

Limestone mountains of northwestern Puerto Rico

Mogotes in Viñales Valley, Cuba

Mexico

The Cenotes of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

The Sótanos of the Sierra Gorda, Querétaro,Mexico

South America

Madre de Dios Island and Guarello Island (the world's southernmost limestone mine), Magallanes, Chile

Oceania

Cutta Cutta Caves National Park & Kintore Caves Conservation Park, Karst limestone landscapes. Katherine, Northern Territory Australia

Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park, southwest Western Australia (near Margaret River, Australia

Northern Swan Coastal Plain, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

Naracoorte Caves National Park, South Australia, Australia

Jenolan Caves, New South Wales, Australia

Wombeyan Caves, New South Wales, Australia

Mole Creek Karst Conservation Area, Tasmania, Australia

Waitomo, Oparara regions of New Zealand

The Nakanai Mountains, East New Britain, Papua New Guinea

List of notable pseudokarst areas

North America

United States

Arroyo Tapiado in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. Over two-dozen 'mud caves' can be found in this popular desert area east of San Diego, California.Further Information

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